22 September 2015

Plato's four cardinal virtues

How are Plato's four cardinal virtues to be translated to the present day?

'Cardinal' comes from Latin 'cardo' for 'hinge'; 'virtue' is from Latin 'virtus', literally 'manliness', the translation of Greek _aretae_, signifying 'excellence', 'goodness', 'competence', 'proficiency'. Hence virtue traditionally concerned the manly excellence of men. Today this narrow focus has been widened.

i) _phronaesis_ (understanding) is the ability to understand the world from within an historical-hermeneutic cast of being, through which occurrents* of all kinds present themselves AS what and who they are to the mind in any occurring situation, thus fulfilling a necessary precondition for prudent action.
ii) _sophrosynae_ (temperance, literally, the rescue of _phronaesis_, of understanding) is the ability to temper your desires so that prudent understanding is not overwhelmed by desire in your actions. Desire (_epithymia_) of whatever kind (e.g. lust, greed, ambition) needs to be restrained.
iii) _andreia_ (literally, manliness, courageousness) implies the firmness to take a stand, showing your self to the world, and the courage to risk your own life-movements in engaging with the world, especially with the others in your world.
iv) _dikaiosynae_ (justice) is fairness in the interplay with others in the world. Such fairness consists in mutually estimating and esteeming each other's abilities and powers as well as all their exercise has acquired. 'Fair' is to be understood here also as _to kalon_, the beautiful, the opposite of _to aischron_, the ugly and shameful. Who people are and what they have must be duly estimated in the interplay for it to be fair.

Achieving excellence 'hinges' on these four aspects when leading your life in the world. Since all living is a kind of movement, and all movement is a power (_dynamis_) of some kind at work (_en toi ergoi_, _energeiai_, energy), all engagement with the world is a power play with other occurrents, both things and people, i.e. both whats and whos.

Hence justice is fairness in the mutual exercise of powers and abilities in engaging with others in the world, and courageousness is the power to resist adverse counter-powers and to take a risk with your own powers and abilities, guided by sound understanding with tempered desire. Such power interplay can become fair or ugly, however. It becomes ugly especially when (one or some of) the players do not keep their desires in check, but instead give them free rein, thus deploying their own powers to cheat one way or the other in the power plays. Power plays are of their nature unpredictable, with endless possible situational configurations, moves and counter-moves. Hence they elude all efforts of the will to effective power to control them.

* 'Occurrents' is introduced here as an alternative to 'beings', 'entitiies', signifying all that presences and absences within the three-dimensional clearing of time, whether sensuously or not. The mind and the time-clearing are two sides of the same coin.

Further reading: Social Ontology.

21 September 2015

Meaningful presence


Tom and Mic bump into each other on the underground. Tom is roused from his deep pondering.


Tom: Would you like to know what Heidegger's thinking is all about?
Mic: Yeah, tell me.
Tom: Well,
basically it's all about meaningful presence.
Mic: You mean, when you strip it down to its fundamental, core message, that's what it's about?
Tom: Yep, that's what I'm saying.

Mic reflects for a moment.

Mic: Aren't you forgetting something?
Tom: Er, what?

Mic: Aren't you forgetting meaningless presence? 
Tom: ?!!

Tom thinks a while.

Tom: So you're telling me presence is not meaningful?
Mic: No, I'm saying you're telling only half the story.
Tom: Oh yeah? What's the other half?
Mic: M
eaningless presence
Tom: How do I get a handle on that?

Mic: You don't. You just take a step back.

Tom: And what do I see?
Mic:
The two halves together: presence pure and simple.
Tom: Oh! But that's nothing at all.

Mic: Right, but look more closely.
Tom: I don't see anything.
Mic: You don't see that presence pure and simple includes two kinds of absence, past and future?
Tom: Yes, well sort of, but the point is that it's meaningful beings that are present or absent. Presence, including absence, is meaningful.
Mic: You've already said that, but meaningless presence pure and simple, too, impacts, affects us human beings.
Tom: How?
Mic: Take music, for instance. It is most purely and simply the arousing of an attunement.
Tom: But music is a language of its own with its own meaning.
Mic: That's what you say, but that's already a perversion of music, to graft language and meaning onto it.
Tom: But music has always been used to transport meaning and is an aesthetic language of the emotions.
Mic: Yeah, that's how music has been conceived traditionally. Maybe it's time to allow music to come into its meaningless, attuning own.

The underground train pulls into a station.

Tom: Here's where I have to get off. Bye.

Further reading: A Question of Time.

20 August 2015

Peter Trawny in TKMaxx

Peter Trawny sucht ein Schnäppchen in TKMaxx und wird fündig!
Die unentrinnbare, totalitäre "mathematisch-technische Topologie" TKM = Technik.Kapital.Medium mit jenseitig angeschlossener "Atopie des Unmöglichen".
Bei Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2015 preiswert zu haben.

Eine Alternative mit Ausgang ist im Angebot:: Kapital und Technik: Marx und Heidegger.

Ein Vorgeschmack:
"Freilich ist Peter Trawny in seinem 2015 erschienenen Buch Technik.Kapital.Medium: Das Universale und die Freiheit (Matthes & Seitz, Berlin) dem Gewinn-Spiel gegenüber ahnungslos geblieben, zumal er nicht hermeneutisch-ontologisch denkt, was sorgfältig entwickelte Begriffe erfordert, um über das bloße Meinen hinauszukommen. Voraussetzung dafür, das Gewinn-Spiel sehen zu können, ist es, die elementaren Unterschiede zwischen den ontologischen Strukturen der Produktion einerseits und des Austausches andererseits ausgearbeitet zu haben, eine philosophische Aufgabe, die Trawny — wie bereits Heidegger vor ihm— allerdings ignoriert. So wird das, was er die “mathematisch-technische Topologie” (ebd. S.19) nennt (und ungefähr dem Gestell entspricht), die angeblich “Alles [enthält], was es gibt und was es nicht gibt” (ebd.), ohne jeden weiteren Gedanken verwendet, um auch das Kapital unter dieses bloß postulierte — und nicht maieutisch-fragend entwickelte — “Universal von Technik, Kapital und Medium” (ebd. S.20) zu subsumieren. Trawny setzt eine unausweichliche totalitäre Totalität, um dann “jenseits” (ebd. S.22) eine “unproduktive” “metaphysische Atopie des Unmöglichen” (ebd.) zu phantasieren. Dies läuft auf einen totalitären Entwurf hinaus ähnlich dem ebenfalls totalitären Entwurf Ernst Jüngers in Der Arbeiter."

und:

"In seiner Erörterung der Wertform betrachtet auch Trawny sie ausschließlich in orthodoxer Manier aus quantitativer Sicht (vgl. Trawny a.a.O. S.174ff), als hätte er — sogar noch im 21. Jahrhundert — die ganze Diskussion um die Dialektik der Wertform und ihrer weitreichenden Konsequenzen verschlafen, die H-G. Backhaus’ Arbeiten in den 1960er Jahren ausgelöst haben, und die heute als die ‘Neue Marx-Lektüre’ bekannt ist."

04 August 2015

Feminist Metaphysics

At the conclusion of their article on

Feminist Metaphysics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

the authors, Sally Haslanger and Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir, ask:
"Is feminist metaphysics just 'mainstream' metaphysics directed at different issues, or is there a deep difference? And if there is a deep difference, what exactly is it?"

Yes, there is a deep difference, and it's one that feminist metaphysics has not yet struck upon, because its metaphysics itself remains traditional and superficial. Feminist metaphysics has not gotten any further than the claim that, in feminist metaphysics, "we're in fact dealing with an ontology of social things, relations, and non-substantive (and often normative) kinds."
But this is merely sociology dressed up as ontology, not a way of thinking truly deserving the title, 'social ontology'. Feminist philosophers are in love with dressed up sociology honoured with the rubric of 'gender studies' in established educational instituions.

The truly subversive rupture in traditional metaphysics in the direction of feminist concerns comes only with genuinely asking the ontological question concerning whoness, and not covering up the phenomenon with mere descriptions of 'social constructs' and the like. Whoness concerns the modes of human beings' presencing in the world. Such presencing in the world AS who you are is indeed marked by a striking duality that, for want of better terminology and only provisionally, can be called masculinity/femininity, which does not correspond to the duality of man/woman.

Presencing in the world AS somewho can be a self-presentation, i.e. a self-presencing, of who you are, or it can be a letting-presence of other whos and whats, i.e. of occurrences of the other. The 'AS' here is the hermeneutic As that is the hallmark of philosophy since Aristotle's announcement in his Metaphysics of an investigation in 'beings insofar AS they are beings' (to\ o)\n v(= o)/n, beings qua beings), the quintessential ontological question: How are beings AS such to be interpreted? 

To come to this insight requires a lengthy path of thinking that crucially involves clearing away the debris strewn over the centuries by the metaphysical tradition, that was concerned exclusively with the whatness (quiddity) of things, and never with the whoness (quissity) of human beings. Whoness remained unthought as such throughout, although always implicitly present and even articulated in passing as a matter of course.

Feminist metaphysics is not yet even on this path. It's merely beating sociologically about the bush. And the politics of feminists in their ongoing power plays in academia prevent the question of whoness from emerging to even faintly disturb the all-too-established currents of feminist discourse.

30 July 2015

Sperrzone Bewußtsein

"Die oft genannte 'weltweite Wirkung' meines Denkens bleibt eine rätselhafte Illusion. Was hält den Menschen in der Sperrzone des 'Bewußtseins' gefangen? Warum wird der Rückgang ins Dasein nicht vollzogen und nicht gewährt?

"The oft-mentioned 'worldwide impact' of my thinking remains a perplexing illusion. What holds humankind captive to the closed-off zone of 'consciousness'? Why is the path back into Dasein not taken and not granted?"

Auszüge zur Phänomenologie aus dem Manuskript 'Vermächtnis der Seinsfrage' (1973-75) II 121 Jahresgabe der Martin Heidegger Gesellschaft 2011/12

Heidegger spricht hier kurz vor seinem Tod vom Bewußtsein als einer "Sperrzone". Demnach ist das Bewußtsein ein Innenbereich, der durch einen Gürtel (Gr. zw/nh) von der Außenwelt abgeschnitten ist. Sein Weltruhm als Philosoph ist schon längst etabliert, die Sekundärliteratur wird bereits auf Hochtouren produziert, und zwar in vielen Sprachen weltweit. Dennoch spricht der alte Heidegger von einer "Illusion".

Und er stellt die Frage:

Warum wird der Rückgang ins Dasein nicht vollzogen und nicht gewährt?

"Rückgang" heißt hier, daß nichts Neues proklamiert wird, sondern daß das Dasein der ursprünglichere Ort von dem ist, was in der Neuzeit -- d.h. in ihrem vorherrschendem hermeneutischen Als, wodurch das Weltverständnis entworfen wird -- zum inneren Bewußtsein geworden ist.

Trotz -- oder vielmehr wegen -- aller Heidegger-Forschung bleibt das heutige Denken in dieser Sperrzone eingesperrt. Oder der Ausbruch bleibt auf halbem Weg stecken.
Setzt die Heidegger-Forschung in aller Welt nicht urspünglich genug an?
Dafür gibt es starke Hinweise.
So wird das Sein etwa von Tom Sheehan als dasjenige verstanden, das ermöglicht, daß Seiendes für uns als bedeutungsvoll erscheint. Auf diese Weise wird die Seinsfrage auf die Frage nach dem hermeneutischen Als eines Zeitalters reduziert. Das Da, die Lichtung, wird dann lediglich zum 'neutralen', wenn auch offenen Ort des Sichzeigens des als so-oder-so bedeutungsvollen Seienden, d.h. das Sein auf das Seiende zugedacht, und so lediglich noch einmal metaphysisch -- wenn auch nicht bewußtseinsmetaphysisch -- verstanden. D.h. für Sheehan ist die Lichtung die "clearing-for-meaning" von Seiendem. Zudem verwechselt Sheehan -- sowie Heidegger selbst -- das hermeneutische Als verstanden als um-fassender, orientierender ontologischer Kompaß eines Zeitalters mit der gesellschaftlichen, politischen, ökonomischen Erklärung des Wandels dieses Zeitalters.

Das Da des Daseins aber ist die Zeitlichtung selbst, d.h. das Da und die Zeit sind dasselbe.
(Bezeichnenderweise denkt Heidegger die Zeitlichtung als solche nirgendwo, sondern ersetzt fatalerweise die Zeit durch die Lichtung nun als =a)lh/qeia gedacht.)
Ein älterer Name für das Da ist der Geist, .nou=j
Das Da, der Geist, ist nicht in einem inneren Bewußtseinsbereich eingesperrt, sondern ist selbig mit der offenen, dreidimensionalen, ek-statischen Zeitlichtung selbst. Erst durch die Ausgesetztheit des Menschseins in der ek-statischen Zeitlichtung -- die vorräumlich und daher auch vorweltlich ist -- kann das Menschsein als Ek-sistenz verstanden werden..

Daß der Sinn des Seins die Zeit selbst ist, wird übersehen oder vielmehr beiseite geschoben, und zwar zugunsten eines 'verständlicheren' Zugangs zur Seinsfrage.
Damit kann aber die heutige Vorherrschaft des analytisch-wissenschaftlichen Denkens auf der Grundlage seiner Bewußtseinsmetaphysik weder in Frage gestellt noch verwunden werden.

Die Antwort auf Heideggers Warum-Frage oben, die er selber nicht klar gesehen hat, lautet: der Wille zur Macht über jedwede Art von Bewegung, der unbedingt des modernen hermeneutischen Seinsentwurfs des ein- oder mehrbahnigen Ursache-Wirkungs-Verhältnisses und damit einhergehend der eindimensionalen, mathematisierten, linearen Zeit bedarf, um die Kontrolle zu behalten. Was ist der Geist bzw. Intellekt denn anders als die scharfe, feine Beobachtung -- nicht die beherrschende Kontrolle -- des oft sehr komplizierten, gekreuzten Spiels der An- und Abwesung, Ent- und Verbergung von all dem, was vorkommt -- eben in der Zeitlichtung? Die lineare Zeit der Wissenschaft hingegen ist eine Zwangsjacke der Wirkkausalität, die unbedingt die Vorausberechenbarkeit aller Bewegung ermöglichen sollte -- gleichgültig dagegen, daß sie oft genug scheitert.

Diesem unbedingten, besessenen Willen zur Macht entspricht eine Gelehrtenforschung, die akademisch abgerichtet ist, und es deshalb nicht wagt, begrifflich die Phänomene selbst zu denken über Heidegger hinaus (was u.a. eine Auseinandersetzung mit der mathematisierten Zeit sowie mit der wie die Pest vermiedenen Frage nach dem Wersein erforderte), und sich stattdessen damit bequemt, mit tadellosem Gelehrtenfleiß Bücher und Aufsätze lediglich über Heidegger sowie andere Philosophen zu verfassen. Die Philosophengelehrten meiden die Frage nach der Zeit, genauso wie die Wissenschaflter es tun. Wagten sie es, die Sperrzone des Bewußtseins ernsthaft denkerisch zu verlassen, fänden sie sich aus der Akademie ausgesperrt -- d.h. nicht mehr ernst genommen. Lieber hält man sich weiterhin in der komfortablen Sicherheitszone des Gelehrtentums auf.

Zur vertiefenden Lektüre: A Question of Time.

25 July 2015

A Pilgrim's Progress in Quantum Action

"Eldred brings ideas that are having a profound influence on our culture, but which are poorly understood, into both imaginative and cognitive grasp by means of a road trip in a parallel world with many resemblances to our own. Two friends are followed in their search for understanding, using methods of travel that are aspects of the phenomenon and examples of the ideas that intrigue them. Along the road they meet highly original and entertaining characters who are easily recognised as representing various modern theoretical positions taken on the nature of reality and our responsibility in interpreting, even in obstructing and deforming it. A story also of the hidden roles fear, ambition, and will for power play in ostensively pure intellectual pursuits. All told with a sparkling sense of humour and conceptual clarity." — J. S. Bragdon, Amsterdam, Amazon customer review 13 July 2015 of The Land of Matta.

"Eldred strikes a wonderful, absurdist tone that harkens back to an earlier age of children's fantasy... buoyant cartoonishness... A fantastical puzzle that may be too difficult to solve." — Kirkus Reviews23 July 2015.

21 July 2015

Modern scholasticism

Those philosophers long ago in the seventeenth century laying down the ontological cast for the modern age were fighting especially against one variety or other of medieval scholasticism. This long battle ended with the victory of the modern scientific mind-set with its absolute, mathematizing, scientific method. Today it's a very different fight that is invisible to most, perhaps to all, but especially to the agents of the Geistesgestell, all of whom are players in the modern age's rigged mind-game in one of its bewildering, inexhaustible variants.

The problem is that the scholars do not think in concepts, nor do they work with them in their writings. Instead, they argue logically, citing and alluding to various philosophers and to other scholars. In this way they aim to make progress in whatever discourse is being cultivated. A concept, however, requires much more. Thinking conceptually does not amount merely to defining your terms precisely and arguing consistently in line with your definitions.

A concept here is theoretical, that is, theoretical in the original sense of Greek _theoria_, whose Latin translation is speculatio. Today's theory is not up to the mark of _theoria_, and speculation has become a pejorative term describing thoughts that have not been subject to testing by scientific method and are therefore unscientific. _Theoria_ is the investigation of beings qua beings, an ontological enterprise. Hence Hegel's philosophy, for instance, is speculative in this sense, and Hegel criticizes English and Scottish philosophy for lacking speculation. To the present day, English and Scottish philosophy, which in the meantime can be called analytic-positivist philosophy, lacks the ontological dimension of speculation.

All the greats in philosophy from Plato and Aristotle through to Kant, Hegel and Heidegger are speculative, ontological, conceptual thinkers. Their concepts grapple in a connected way with grasping the phenomena in their being, i.e. their mode of presencing, in which they show themselves hermeneutically AS such-and-such. The interconnections among the concepts have to be respected and mastered to understand what these thinkers are saying, always bearing in mind that it is a matter of speculative concepts, i.e. concepts born out of what Heidegger calls the ontological difference, which Aristotle captures in his formulation _to on haei on_ "beings insofar as they are beings", i.e. beings qua beings.

The ontological difference concerns the hermeneutic cast of an age that defines how beings as a whole present themselves AS the beings they are within the time-clearing. Any historical movement in the hermeneutic cast of an age demands on the part of thinkers a recasting of ontological concepts that has to be performed rigorously, carefully. Thinkers do not 'speculatively' make up a new hermeneutic cast, but are sensitively receptive to an alternative historical cast arriving.

Modern scholasticism is not up to this task. Even and especially when it is dealing with genuine ontological concepts from one great thinker or another, it only ever talks about them and does not work with them. The phenomena philosophy scholars refer to are spoken of only ontically, not ontologically. Therefore there can be no movement and advancement in such a way of scholarly thinking, but only an endless, inconclusive back-and-forth among various argumentative 'positions' each with its own adherents. The positions are invariably labelled as one -ism or another, and the scholars move skilfully among these -isms in formulating their own position. That is their sub-game within the modern age's mind-game.

Thus the Geistesgestell's mind-game proceeds complacently among the thicket of scholarly texts without so much as a speculative glance at the simplest phenomena themselves, which only bamboozles scholars, for they have never bothered to look and contemplate. Nor have their likewise complacent teachers taught them conceptual thinking. Complacency here signifies a lack of courage a.k.a. cowardice, for you will be mercilessly punished if you genuinely risk thinking slowly through the hegemonic hermeneutic cast of the present age, thus exposing it and putting it into question. Modern philosophical scholasticism is flying blind, lacking the ontological orientation that would open an alternative hermeneutic cast of mind.